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Citrus Hystrix Leaf is the dried leaf of Citrus hystrix DC. (C. papeda Miq., C. tuberoides J. W. Benn.) (Family Rutaceae), Herbarium Specimen Number: DMSC 342.
Constituents Citrus Hystrix Leaf contains volatile oil, of which citronellal, citronellol and citronellol acetate are its major components; sabinene, α- and β-pinene, α-phellandrene, limonene, α- and γ-terpinene, cymene, linalool, indole alkaloids are also found. It also contains rutin, hesperidin and diosmin.
Description of the plant (Figs. 1a, 1b) Shrub or small tree 2 to 12 m tall; branchlets compressed-angular when young; spine solitary, 0.5 to 1.5 cm long. Leaves alternate or spirally arranged, very young leaves light reddish purple; winged petioles obovate to obcordate-oblong, 1 to 8 cm long, 1 to 4.5 cm wide; lamina orbicular-ovate or ovate-oblong, 3 to 15 cm long, 2.5 to 6 cm wide, apex obtuse to obtusely acuminate or slightly emarginate, base cuneate or rounded, margin more or less crenate. Inflorescence axillary or terminal, 1- to 15-flowered, fragrant; pedicel 2 to 5 mm long; calyx cupular, 1 to 1.5 mm long, 4-lobed; petals 4 to 5, oval-oblong, 6 to 10 mm long, 3 to 5 mm wide, obtusely acuminate, yellowish white or suffused with violet, with scattered pellucid dots; stamens 24 to 30, free, filaments 2 to 6 mm long; ovary superior, subglobose. Fruit ellipsoid, ovoid or globose, 5 to 7 cm in diameter, irregular bumpy; fruit-pulp yellowish green, very sour, slightly bitter. Seeds ovoid-oblong, 1 to 1.5 cm long, 3 to 5 mm wide.
Description Odour, characteristic, aromatic; taste, slightly bitter.
Macroscopical (Fig. 1a) Citrus Hystrix Leaf occurs as a mixture of entire and broken, greenish brown to brown dried leaves. Petioles obovate, 1 to 8 cm long, 1 to 4.5 cm wide. Lamina ovate, 3 to 15 cm long, 2.5 to 6 cm wide; apex obtuse or retuse or slighty emarginate, undulate at margin.
Microscopical (Figs. 2a, 2b) Transverse section of the leaf shows upper epidermis, a layer of rectangular cells in sectional view or slightly wavy-walled cells in surface view, stomata absent. Mesophyll composed of 2 to 3 layers of palisade and several layers of spongy cells with idioblasts containing calcium oxalate prismatic crystals; fibrovascular bundle and schizolysigenous oil cavity containing oil droplets located in spongy tissues. Fibrovascular bundle composed of fibre surrounding amphicribal vascular bundle; xylem composed of spiral, reticulate, and bordered-pitted vessels and xylem parenchyma some of which containing prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate. Collenchyma, 2 to 3 layers of cells, located in the central part of midrib beneath lower epidermis. Lower epidermis, a layer of rectangular cells in sectional view or wavy-walled cells in surface view with anomocytic type of stomata.
Citrus Hystrix Leaf in powder possesses the diagnostic microscopical characters of the unground drug.