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Betel Leaf is the dried leaf of Piper betle L. (Family Piperaceae), Herbarium Specimen Number: DMSC 902.
Constituents Betel Leaf contains volatile oil comprising cadinene, carvacrol, caryophyllene, chavibetol, chavicol, 1,8-cineole, estragole, eugenol, terpinyl acetate, etc. It also contains sitosterols, stigmasterol, vitamin C, oxalic acid, d(+)malic acid, n-hentriacontane, n-pentatriacontane, amino acids, pyridine alkaloids, tannins, minerals, etc.
Description of the plant (Figs. 1a, 1b) Woody climber with swollen nodes, up to 15 m tall, dimorphic branching; orthotropic vegetative branches with adventitious roots; plagiotropic axillary fruiting branches without roots. Leaves simple, circular, ovate or ovate-oblong, 5 to 18 cm long, 3 to 12 cm wide; surface glabrous or with very short, thick white hairs, apex acuminate, base cordate or obliquely obtuse, margin entire, veins prominent on lower surface; petiole cylindrical, 1.2 to 2.5 cm long. Inflorescence in drooping, dense axillary spike, consisting of male and female flowers. Male spike 2.5 to 12 cm long; peduncle 1.5 to 3 cm long; stamens 2, very short. Female spike 2.5 to 12 cm long; peduncle 2.5 to 6 cm long; stigmas 3 to 5. Fruit berry, round with glabrous apex. Seed suborbicular, 3.5 to 5 mm long.
Description Odour, aromatic; taste, pungent.
Macroscopical (Fig. 1a) Leaves, simple, circular, ovate or ovate-oblong, 5 to 18 cm long, 3 to 12 cm wide; acute acuminate; base cordate or obliquely obtuse; upper surface smooth, dull brown; lower surface dull, lighter colour.
Microscopical (Figs. 2a, 2b, 2c) Transverse section of the leaf shows upper epidermis, a layer of quadrangular cells, polygonal and straight-walled in surface view; cuticle thick; stoma absent with few glandular and non-glandular trichomes. Non-glandular trichome consists of a single short conical thick-walled cell tapering to the apex, and glandular trichome with a unicellular round head. Lower epidermis, almost similar to those of upper epidermis, polygonal and rather wavy walls in surface view; anomocytic stomata, numerous. Hypodermis, two to three layers of cells, some of which being oil glands. Mesophyll consists of a layer of palisade cells and a few layers of irregular spongy parenchyma containing abundant chloroplastids; oil glands, numerous. Vascular bundle, collateral, a few layers of collenchyma beneath upper and lower epidermises, schizogenous oil cavities, crystals and some starch granules in the midrib.
Betel Leaf in powder possesses the diagnostic microscopical characters of the unground drug.
Packaging and storage Betel Leaf shall be kept in well-closed containers, protected from light, and stored in a dry place.